ll homeostatic control mechanisms involve at least three components that work together. Homeostatic control /ommunication is essential for homeostasis. 2irtually every organ system plays a role in maintaining homeostasis. 1ynamic state of euilibrium refers to the fact that internal conditions conditions vary but always within relatively narrow limits. Homeostasis #e&nition: %he body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal internal condition even though the outside world is changing constantly. 0reathing and gas exchange rely on appropriate atmospheric pressure. ormal )ody temperature temperature: needed for continued chemical reactions (- degrees /elcius) Atmospheric pressure : the force that air exerts on the surface of the body. O+ygen and ,ater : molecules reuired for most chemical reaction in the body. !ur$i$al eeds utrients: chemical substances used for energy and cell building. *eproduction of the human organism is the ma+or task of the reproductive system, Gro,th: an increase of the sie of a body part or the organism. eproduction : occurs at cellular and organismal level Cellular reproduction reproduction: the original cell divides producing two identical daughter cells that may e used for body growth and repair. Cata)olism: breaking down substances Ana)olism: synthesiing more complex cellular structures *+cretion: the process of removing wastes (excreta) from the body. "eta)olism : a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within our body cells. #igestion: the breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed by the blood, then distributed by the cardiovascular cardiovascular system. %he nervous system is most involved with responsiveness. esponsi$eness : the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them. %his is called contractility, the ability to move by shortening. s well, movement also occurs when substances are propelled through the internal organs. "o$ement : the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another such as running or swimming. %he body as a whole is protected by the intergumentary system or skin. ll the cells of our body are surrounded surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane. "aintaining 'ife "aintaining )oundaries: an organism must keep its internal environment distinct from its external environment. %he organismal organismal level represents represents the sum total of all structural structural levels working working together to keep us alive. Organ system le$el : organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system. t the organ level, extremely complex functions functions become possible. Organ: a discrete discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that perform a speci"c function for the body. #our basic types: epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue. Tissue le$el: groups of similar cells that have a common function. 'olecules associate to form organelles, the basic components of living cells. 'e$els of !tructural Organi(ation Chemical le$el: atoms combine to form molecules such as water and proteins. #unction always re&ects structure and anatomy and physiology is inseparable. $ften focuses on events at cellular or molecular level.Ĭomplementarity of !tructure and %unction #e&nition: %he principle of complementarity of structure and function states that what a structure can do depends on its speci"c form. #or example, renal physiology concerns kidney function and urine production. Topics of Physiology as many di!erent subdivisions, mostly concerning speci"c body systems. Subdivisions include cytology cytology (cells (cells of the body) and histology (study histology (study of tissues) #e$elopmental anatomy: studies changes in the body throughout the life span, a subdivision being embryology embryology, the study of developmental changes before birth. "icroscopic anatomy: the study of structures structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (ex.
Principles of anatomy and physiology tortora 13th skin#
!urface anatomy: the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. kidneys, lungs) egional anatomy: all the structures of the body (muscles, bones, blood, etc.) in a particular region (legs, abdomen, etc.) are studied at one time !ystemic anatomy: body structure is studied system by system. Topics of o f Anatomy Gross/macroscopic anatomy: the study of large body structures (ex. Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation Anatomy: the study of the body’s structures structures and their relationships to one another Physiology: the study of the body’s function.
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